Codified Constitutions Are Not An Essential Element Of...

Introduction It is generally considered that codified constitutions are an essential element of democracy in that by clearly setting out the functions of each branch of government and their relations with each other and their citizens, this prevents an over powerful executive developing and ensures rights of citizens are protected. However, I believe that codified constitutions are not an essential element of democracy as there are examples of robust democracies which have uncodified constitutions and at times codified constitutions are more of a hindrance than a help to the democratic process. Codified Constitutions are often not very democratic A codified constitution is a constitution ‘in which key constitutional provisions are†¦show more content†¦In 2012, ‘Republicans won a majority of seats in the House despite securing only 48 percent of the vote and to win a majority of 218 House seats, the Democratic candidates would need to win ten million more votes than Republicans in 2016.’(Richie,The Nation,2014) This often leads to situations in which the will of the democratic majority are ignored as seen after the Sandy Hook Massacre in 2012, where Bird (Occupy Democrats,2015) argues ‘90% of Americans wanted greater background checks for guns.’ However, the gun reform measures were defeated in the Senate leading an infuriated Obama(2013) to argue ‘how can something that has 90% support not happen?’ Moreover, the codified US constitution does not even provide for a democratic electoral system to elect the President. The electoral college system is not very proportional in the sense that the winner of the electoral college doesn’t necessarily have the majority of popular vote. This has happened a number of times; the most recent being in 2000 with the election of Bush and Gore. Gore won ‘48.38% of the popular vote and received 266 electoral college votes’(Leip,2012), whereas Bush got ‘47.87% of the vote and 271 electoral college votes.’ Leip,2012) The

Religion on the Internet Essay - 3014 Words

Religion on the Internet Religion can be a very controversial topic. There are so many different types of religion and different people who practice and believe in these religions. Some people don’t believe in any, some have their own, some have one, but don’t practice it, and some people even have multiple religions. Religion is not a topic you bring up while having a cup of coffee with some friends, unless you are all of the same religion. Usually discussing different religions it causes nothing but problems and arguments. There is even a country music song that is titled, Politics, Religion, and Her. The singer goes on in the song to say how he never likes to discuss any of these three topics with anyone and how they only cause†¦show more content†¦The cult teaches a person how to know with certainty, so those who ascribe to its world-view exist in a completely different reality than the rest of society.(alt.religion.scientology) This is the starting paragraph for the site titled, C ult Think which talks about how a cult brainwashes a person into their beliefs. As it is stated above these people are living in a totally fake world in which their beliefs totally conflict with the norms of society. Hopefully people will read this site before reading one of the cult sites that try to suck in vulnerable viewers. People are so vulnerable and ready to believe anything that they get pulled right into them. For example, the University of Queensland had a site on some cult information. No, none of my family members have been in cults, but I started one. I pulled a two week long mystical experience, started to tell others about it and within a month had about twenty people who were trying to tell me that I was jesus’s second coming, it took a long time to tell them that they were wrong. That was without consciously attempting to set up any of the various methods that can be used to ensure conformity (although some of them were being used).(www.com!duke.den!conv.lynx) As we can see here, this gentleman, named Mr. Lawson had a short two week long mystical experience and formed a cult.Show MoreRelatedFeminism, Religion, And The Internet1529 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism and Religion - a blog that allows for women to â€Å"share their ideas, insights, and experiences, so that this community of thinkers will be nurtured as we explore diverse and new directions† (https://feminism andreligion.com/about/). She has written many articles on feminism with a focus on ethics and theological ties, and is an activist for sexual assault prevention. In this Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion by the Indiana University Press, Dysert’s essay Roundtable: Feminism, Religion, and theRead MoreRELIGION AND THE INTERNET IN SOUTH KOREA Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pages It is because of that practicality that there is no dominant religion in south korea since there seem to be many religions to choose from. That was not always the case, however, since in the beginning of South Korean religion it seemed that a majority of the South Korean population followed a religion known as shamanism which dealt with the belief that spirits, both good and bad, exist in the world. Since that time many new religions were introduced by other cultures that came to live in south koreaRead MoreMy Life And The Internet1200 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Portfolio. SECTION A. Everyday life and the Internet is entwined, the Internet has transformed modern behavior, and virtually every aspect of living, is both widely known and a source of ongoing study. In plain terms, such unlimited access to information and communication has radically altered concepts of self and community. It gives us up to date information to start our day from finance, work schedules, family. Marshall McLuhan quoted: â€Å"When something becomes commonplace people don’tRead MoreDiffusion And Diffusion Of Diffusion1645 Words   |  7 Pagesbring along certain traits and ideas with them to the new location. Examples of traits that some people bring with them are their languages, certain mannerisms, religions, their dress and even their diet. One example of a trait that is highly diffused is Christianity. We can see from the map on page 28 and 29 that Christianity is a religion that is highly diffused throughout many countries. From the map it shows that Christianity is found in locations such as Australia, Brazil, USA and Russia (SmithRead MoreReflection Paper: Primitive Religion666 Words   |  3 PagesReflection Paper: Primitive Religion Reflection Paper: Primitive Religion Hearing a religion deemed primitive does make one think that religion may not have much to offer, or may need many improvements. However, that is not really the case. Primitive religions are more focused on the oral traditions and storytelling that were common before technology essentially came along and took over everything. Now it is possible to find all kinds of information about different religions online. Some of that informationRead MoreThis Paper Explores Some Of The Techniques And Tools That1149 Words   |  5 Pagesthe mindsets of people. Political and religious motived techniques that are used by terrorist leaders are discussed in the paper. The paper also discuses how terrorist leaders have used the internet to gain support, influence, and recruit new members, Keywords: Terrorist, Political and religious motives, internet Over the years there has been many different terrorist leaders that have been able to communicate effectively and gain a large amount of committed supporters all over the worldRead MoreThe Silk Road and the Internet801 Words   |  4 PagesSilk Road and the Internet Inside every working anarchy theres an Old Boy Network. The internet is a great and popular invention that has changed, developed and improved today’s society. Yo-Yo Ma, once described the famous historical Silk Road as the ‘Internet of Antiquity’ meaning, the ancient internet, how and why would Yo-Yo Ma come to such a theory, the Silk Road and the internet may not have existed during the same period of time but there are similarities and difference to prove Yo-Yo Ma’sRead More Internet Censorship Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Censorship Internet Censorship. What does this mean to us? What is restricted? Censorship is summarily defined as the suppression of objectionable material. That means that material such as pornography, militant information, offensive language, anti-religion, and racism would be restricted in use. Freedom would not only be restricted to material placed on the web, but also what you could access, and where you could explore. Should the right of Freedom of Speech be taken away fromRead MoreThe Federal Republic of Nigeria Essay examples1486 Words   |  6 Pagestribes (Maps of World, 2014: Internet). Likewise to the constitution of Nigeria, which supports the freedom of religion of the citizens of Nigeria and other citizens, Nigeria is (although others oppose) a multi- religious country. Half of the country which is fifty percent of the country’s population practice Islam whereas part of the other fifty percent shared amongst the practice of Christianity and other minority religion including Judaism, Chrislam ( a religion that consist of elements of IslamRead MoreScientology Essay examples1689 Words   |  7 Pagesrevolutionary new religious practice called Scientology. However, the majority of people who have heard of it, have little knowledge of the principles and practices behind the religion. In fact, there is a dark side behind Scientology, and much speculation that the religion is a brainwashing cult. Many people are opposed to the religion because of its secretiveness, its extreme methods of teaching and its alleged use of mind control. Scientology, founded in 1950 (Hubbard. What is. 3), is an applied

The Corruption Of Absolute Power - 1174 Words

Matthew Lee Mrs. Wong ENG 3UAA-a 22 July, 2015 The Corruption of Absolute Power People say that there is a major difference between justice and corruption, but where is the fine line between good and evil? Corruption can be interpreted as dishonest conduct by those in power. There are those who believe that corruption is just as long as it is serves a benefit for the common good. William Shakespeare’s Macbeth demonstrates the effects of living in a corrupt society and how the people rebel against their ruler whereas George Orwell’s 1984 portrays an unethical dystopia and how the public is oblivious to what is going on around them. The Inner Party and Macbeth both heavily abuse their power, resulting in the deterioration of society. Although they both seek power for the sake of having it, the way they manifest themselves, control the public, and punish the enemies are extremely contrasting. After maintaining so much power in society, the way they present themselves vary greatly between the Inner Party and Macbet h. Their presentation affects how people perceive them. Macbeth presents himself as a ruthless tyrant filled with greed and ambition. After killing Banquo, Lady Macbeth assumes that Macbeth is troubled with guilt, but that is not the case. He explains, â€Å"I am in blood / stepp’d in so far, that, should I wade no more† (3.4.167-168). Macbeth realizes that he has done so much evil that it is easier to continue rather than make up for his mistakes. ThisShow MoreRelatedJulius Caesar : Corruption And Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely1028 Words   |  5 PagesJulius Caesar Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. This illustrates the theme in the historical play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare. Julius Caesar was a man full of arrogance and he had a sense of being self-absorbed. This kind of personality lead to bad things, it eventually led to death. Caesar was a well-known man in Rome. The people of Rome didn t care what he did. Everyone thought he was perfect. I ii 273 He was married to a woman named Calpurnia. SheRead MoreLord Acton s Lack Of Corruption And Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Lord Acton wrote in 1887 that, â€Å"Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.† Studies have shown that, while Lord Acton’s statement may not be entirely true (depending on numerous factors), it is, at the very least true to a degree. Corruption always involves power that is misused for personal gain. While corruption is generally associated with politics and political figures, it also occurs in businesses, particularly within the management with emphasis seen in upperRead MoreCorruption Of Power Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pagescorrupted by power. Power makes one feel as if that person was a God, which is a sign of the corruption in that individual. According to Lord Actin, Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely, states that power can make an individual vulnerable to corruption. The second portion of Lord Actin?s quote discusses absolute power corrupting absolutely which implies that absolute power can corrupt an individual as w ell as the individual?s surroundings. This idea of corruption can be locatedRead MoreAnimal Farm Character Analysis713 Words   |  3 Pagesfable, Animal Farm, a group of animals lived with their master, Jones. Jones was an unfair man who didn’t care too much about the animals. One day Jones forgot to feed the animals, so they revolted. The animals wanted a perfect place without the corruption of man. The currently animal controlled land of Animal Farm, the smartest of all animals, the pigs take control. To prevent a human-like society, the pigs set up the Seven Commandments. These set of rules were created to build guidelines for theRead More Absolute Power Does NOT Corrupt Absolutely Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesA man named Lord Actor once said, Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men. This means that giving a person some power can turn them into a bad person. However, giving someone absolute power will always corrupt some and that these people are always bad. Knowing what the quote means the question remains, is the quote true? The answer is no. Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad menRead MorePolitical Corruption Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical corruption has existed throughout the ages. It believed to be most prominent in positions of power, because of the role money plays in getting people power. However, over the centuries, corruption has changed so much so as to not match a particular definition of corruption, perpetually growing deceptively harder to find (Ebbe). The broadest, most suitable definition which exists today simply states that corruption is any illegal act performed by a politician to produce results whichRead MoreThe Power Of Power In George Orwells Animal Farm764 Words   |  4 Pagesmost literate and the cleverest among the animals. Slowly it progressed to a state where the pigs had absolute power over the lives of the animals and the farm. Which led to a situation where the animals had to agree with every statement the pigs made. Throughout the book, Orwell portrayed how the pigs altered with power through characterization to reveal power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Using characterization, Orwell portrayed how the pigs had good intentions atRead MorePower Leads to Corruption1413 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Power makes individuals corrupt† â€Å"Corruption is when people in positions of entrusted power abuse their power for their own personal gains [or to fulfill the agendas of the group they represent]† (Transparency International). Lord Acton, a nineteenth century historian, argued that power is the root cause of corruption. The more power one has, the more corrupt one is likely to become (Biography of Lord Acton.). Although some commentators argue that there is no correlation between power and corruptionRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1255 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment always become indistinguishable from those who ruled before them. The reasons exhibited in the novel are the distortion of revolutionary ideas, the abuse of language to manipulate the naà ¯ve working class and the corrupting influence of power. All revolutions start off with ideals beneficial to the proletarians, however as the misconduct within its leadership progresses it has caused these ideals to be distorted to the point where the new leadership becomes indistinguishable from the oldRead MoreEssay on The Arrogance and Hubris of Oedipus and Creon724 Words   |  3 Pagessays, â€Å"To them that walk in power; to exceed is madness, and not wisdom†. Her statement makes it clear, those who â€Å"walk in power†, allow it to corrupt them. Throughout the history of humanity there has been a correlation between those who have excessive power and corruption. Webster’s Dictionary defines corruption as, â€Å"impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle†. In the story of Antigone the tragic hero Creon, shows all of the common characteristics of corruption. Before one can analysis the

The Effects Of Homelessness On The Homeless Population

History of Homelessness The term to describe the homeless may have changed over time, however the issue of housing insecurity has remained for some Americans throughout history (Kusmer, 2001). Although the homeless population has always maintained in the United States, homelessness became a national issue in 1870 with the emergence of the â€Å"tramp†: these were men that banded together, rode trains illegally and had negative interactions with law enforcement (2001). The movement of the homeless from location to location changed after World War II, and after the 1940s the homeless were typically confined to urban areas (2001). This urbanization of the homeless population continued throughout the remainder of the century. Public awareness of homelessness regained momentum in the early 1980s after the recession. At the time, the issue was considered temporary and only impacted certain populations that were more vulnerable. Once the economy improved, homelessness would no longer be as issue (Rosenheck, 1994). The perception at the time was that the government safety net would assist these people, and that the homeless were deviants that chose to live outside of society’s idea of â€Å"normal† (1994). A demographic change occurred during this time period: the homeless population before the resurgence of homeless as a social problem the in early 1980s, were much older than those seen during the 1980s and beyond (Kusmer, 2001). Women and their children became a larger proportion of theShow MoreRelatedHomeless in The United States 1309 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is a problem that happens in many different countries around the world. Definitions of homelessness are defined in different meanings by different people. However, the Stewart B. McKinney Act defines a homeless person as â€Å" one who lacks a fixed permanent nighttime residence or whose nighttime residence is a temporary shelter, welfare hotel, or any public or private place not designed as sleeping accommodations for human beings† (McNamara 1025). It is impossible to find out exactly theRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Homelessness Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Epidemic Of Homelessness And The Impact It Has On The United States Jeff Damitz One of the sociologic problems that have always faced society is the presence of homelessness population in a percentage of societies’ citizens. The National Health Care of the Homeless Council (2014) describes the official definition of homeless at â€Å"an individual without permanent housing who may live on the streets; stay in a shelter, mission, single room occupancy facilities, abandoned buildingRead MoreThe McKinney-Vento as amended by S. 896 the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to1500 Words   |  6 Pages896 the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act of 2009 also known as McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, signed into law in 1987, covers many aspects of homelessness. The National Coalition for the Homeless states that the â€Å"McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act was the first—and remains the only—major federal legislative response to homelessness† (NCH). Originally, this act contai ned fifteen different programs that were included to aid the homeless populationRead MoreHomelessness in Canada Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesHomelessness is a condition of people who lack regular access to adequate housing. As this condition becomes a growing problem in Canada people are forced to deal with the issues. Who are the homeless? They range from children to adults and even in some cases, families. Why are they homeless? Poverty, lack of jobs or well paying jobs, decline in Social Services, domestic violence, mental illness, and chemical dependency contribute to the majority of the homeless within our society. What effects doesRead MoreNegative Effects Of Homelessness1446 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves the question, â€Å"Does homelessness affect me at all?† Typically, if homelessness isn’t affecting a certain individual or anyone that they’re close to, they tend to not want to help. From previous research done by Pergantis, Tolliver, Bishop, 2016 , it is a known fact that about 578,242 people in America are considered to be homeless. People who were homeless back then done by were considered as disconnected from the world and they have also encountered psychological effects. Other writers likeRead MoreThe Effects of Homelessness on Children1654 Words   |  7 PagesIndividuals who are homeless are faced with physical, emotional, and psychological challenges each day. It is common for people who are homeless to have had a life riddled with traumatic experiences like physical and mental abuse and drug use. Homelessness gained public attention in the late 1970s because homelessness became more visible when it began to include women and children. Today homelessness can be linked to various other problems. It is estimated that 200,000 thousand Canadians have livedRead MoreHomelessness in Sacramento1439 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a rising population of people who have lost everything and therefore must take shelter in the l ocal parks, abandoned buildings, overpasses, and any other form of protection against the elements (Schutt, 2011). Homelessness is a social problem affecting our nation, which can only continue to grow if society does not make a change. Eitzen, Zinn, and Smith (2011) define a social problem as inducing material or psychic suffering for certain segments of the population; there are socioculturalRead MoreEssay about The social issue of homelessness in NC1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe Social Issue of Homelessness in North Carolina People drive or walk past a homeless person almost every day without thinking twice about the plight of that person or they may even unconsciously turn their heads the other way in disgust. Homelessness simply put, means without a home - therefore homelessness is an equal opportunity state that can happen to anyone. Even though we have seen some economic prosperity over the years, statistics show that the number of homeless remains very high. WithRead MoreThe Problem Of Homeless People1280 Words   |  6 PagesWhen thinking of homeless people, one would probably think of a bum who is an addict or alcoholic. Homelessness affects a variety of people. Homelessness as an issue in today s society is largely ignored. The problem of homelessness is barely noticed. The growing population of homeless people is shown that more people are still suffering financial problems and struggling in maintaining their life basis. Many families and children have experienced trauma prior to becoming homeless. Parents are losingRead MoreHomelessness : A Worldwide Public Health Crisis Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness: A Worldwide Public Health Crisis In the United States, there were approximately 564,708 people who were homeless on a single winter night in 2015 (Housing and Urban Development, 2015). Worldwide, acquiring an accurate picture of homelessness has proven challenging due to varying definitions country to country. Furthermore, data on homelessness has also proven to be extremely sparse in many parts of the world. The last worldwide survey was attempted by the United Nations. Based on

Job Safety Analysis Report for VWA- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theJob Safety Analysis Report for VWA. Answer: There are five different steps of Job Security Analysis according to VWA. They are documentation of the activity, identifying the hazards, documentation of the controlled measures, identification of the responsible persons and implementation of the controlled measures in the right places (Charness et al. 2017). There is a need of creating a structure on the risk factors of the employees. JSA worksheet Company Name: Coles Supermarkets Australia Pvt. Ltd Task to be completed by: Topic: Risk management activities Brand name: Wesfarmers Contractor: Date: Activity Hazards Controlled measures Identifying who is responsible Implementation in practical 1. Work cover: The worker who is injured should be responsible enough to inform the supervisor (Glendon, Clarke and McKenna 2016). The worker might get seriously injured and this can affect the employee and the organization for a long time. The company should allot an amount of money for such incidents. The company should also maintain a strict policy and insurance levels for particular employee. The security system like cctv and monitoring tools will help to find the responsible person or group of people (Pritchard and PMP 2014). The security manger is responsible for such situations. All the policies should be on the place. The policies should be properly informed to the people (Pritchard and PMP 2014). 2. Manual handling. The employees should be given proper training of the machineries in work (Arena et al., 2013). The mishandling of machines can create problems like accidents or problems in the machine. The company should provide sufficient training programs to all the employees to avoid any issue. The HR manager is responsible for making this happen. The company should imply proper training programs of all the employees according to the allotted machines they will be involved with in the future. The company should enlist the training schedule and run the training along with time. 3. Emergency procedures: The Company building should be safe and secured from all the problems. The company should look after the lift, the emergency stairs, alarm systems and others properly (Glendon, Clarke and McKenna 2016). During emergency situations like breaking out of fire or electrical short circuit in the building the safety issues play an important role. The company should maintain all these issues on the daily basis in order to avoid any adverse situation in the company. The Facility manager of the company is responsible for all these aspects of the workplace. The management should regulate a check of all these issue on the daily basis. 4. Sexual harassment: The sexual harassment is a very crucial issue in the present situation. The sexual harassment should be treated in a proper way in order to solve the issue (Karim, Farahwahida and Endut 2016). The sexual harassment inside the compound of the company can be problem for the management. As the safety and security of the company will be questioned issue (Karim, Farahwahida and Endut 2016). The company should fix cctv and security checks in order to avoid such situation (Karim, Farahwahida and Endut 2016). The Company should also take strong steps for the person who is responsible for it and take adverse actions against it in the future. The security manager and the entire management should take notice of the situation properly (Karim, Farahwahida and Endut 2016). The entire management is responsible for the situation. The security policies should be strict in a company. There should be restrictions for the employees in terms of the space they can go to during the working hours. The security cameras should be properly monitored and there should be a reserved security force in order to take action when it is required (Karim, Farahwahida and Endut 2016). References Arena, R., Guazzi, M., Briggs, P.D., Cahalin, L.P., Myers, J., Kaminsky, L.A., Forman, D.E., Cipriano, G., Borghi-Silva, A., Babu, A.S. and Lavie, C.J., 2013, June. Promoting health and wellness in the workplace: a unique opportunity to establish primary and extended secondary cardiovascular risk reduction programs. InMayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 88, No. 6, pp. 605-617). Elsevier. Charness, G., Cobo-Reyes, R., Jimnez, N., Lacomba, J.A. and Lagos, F., 2017. Job security and long-term investment: An experimental analysis.European Economic Review,95, pp.195-214. Glendon, A.I., Clarke, S. and McKenna, E., 2016.Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Karim, M., Farahwahida, A. and Endut, N., 2016. Understanding Of Sexual Harassment At The Workplace. Pritchard, C.L. and PMP, P.R., 2014.Risk management: concepts and guidance. CRC Press.

Organizational Behavior Content free essay sample

The countrys existing labor code is beset with discrepancies. Furthermore, since Pakistanis economy is mainly dominated by the informal sector, a vast majority of workers remain outside the ambit of labor laws and social protection. Only 2. 4 per cent of the labor force is unionized and has access to collective bargaining for their wages and working conditions. The objective of this briefing paper is to contribute to the prevalent debate on labor reforms in Pakistan. It is important to understand the diverse viewpoints on the subject and strive for a consensus based solution. PILLAR hopes that this paper will provide an impetus for public representatives to play a more reactive role in the debate on labor reforms as well as in policy formulation. PILLAR would like to acknowledge the Solidarity Center for their support and the Pakistan Institute for Labor Education and Research PILE for their assistance in producing the briefing paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Content or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The author, PILLAR and its team of researchers have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the contents of this paper and do not accept responsibility for any omission and error, as it is not deliberate. The views expressed in the paper are not necessarily those of PILLAR or of the Solidarity Center. Islamabad June 2005 PROFILE THE AUTHOR PROFILE OF OF THE AUTHOR Ms. Taken Saved is the Senior Research Associate at the Pakistan Institute of Labor Education and Research PILE. She holds a Masters degree in Social Policy and Development from the Institute of Development Policy and Management at the University of Manchester, U. K. , as well as a Masters in International Relations from the University of Karachi. She was awarded the British Achieving Scholarship in 2003 and Certificate of Merit for securing First Class Third position in MA from University of Karachi. She has previously worked as a Trends Analyst for the British Labor Party n the U. K. A sub-editor and content writer for the Daily Dawn, and has taught as visiting faculty at the University of Karachi. Ms. Taken Saved has attended several national and international workshops and training courses. Ms. Taken Saved has numerous publications to her name. These include Poverty in South Asia: Civil Societys Perspective, The Politics of Insurgency and Counter Insurgency in South Asian Security, and over 100 articles in Daily Dawn and The News on social and political issues. 1 . Overview Pakistanis population in mid 2004 is estimated at 148. 72 million 1. 9 per .NET higher than 20031. On the basis of population of 148. 72 million, the total labor force is 2 estimated to be over 45 million. Of this, 67 per cent is rural . The employed labor force is defined as all persons of ten years and above who worked at least one hour during the reference period and were either paid employees or sleepyhead 3. Based on this definition, the total number of employed labor force in 2004 is estimated at 41. 2 million In addition to the OIL (International Labor Organization) convention no. 87, a judgment of the Federal Shari Court made in reference to the Industrial Relations Ordinance Judgment title: PLY 1984 FCC 164. 8 in 1983 also supports the right of association. The Judgment asserts a very positive Islamic view on laws for the welfare of labor and asks the state to step in when the employer fails to fulfill Shari duty of treating the employee as a brother. It is held th at Islam confers wide powers on the state to regulate ownership and enterprise, including the relationship (and terms and conditions) between employer and employee on Millions) Both Sexes All Areas (all ages) Source: Labor Force Survey 2004, peg 18 4 Female 8. 0 (18 45. 23 as compared to 40. 48 million in 2003 . Under the Constitution, labor is regarded as a concurrent subject, which meaner that it is the responsibility of both the Federal and Provincial Governments. However, for the sake of uniformity, laws are enacted by the Federal Government, stipulating that Provincial Governments may make rules and regulations of their own according to the conditions prevailing in or for the specific requirements of the 5 Provinces . Only a small percentage of the total workforce is registered with the trade unions. According to the latest available figures, which are or the year 2000, only 1 workers were registered with 7318 trade unions 6, which reflects 2. 4 percent of the workforce. In 2000, the number of Collective Bargaining Agents (CAB) was 1833 and their membership was 305,413 7. Despite this low percentage of organized labor, the right of association is restricted in the latest Industrial Relations Ordinance AIR 2000. For instance, right of association was restricted for workers of Employees Old Age Benefit Institution (BOBBIE) and the ban continues on the trade unions of institutions such as Pakistan International Airlines (PIP) and Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (EKES). ND between landowner and tenant. Taken literally, the implications for a minimum wage and other benefits are staggering.