Analysis Of Cormac Mccarthy s The Road - 2137 Words

Published in 2006, while America was still reeling from the devastating terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Cormac McCarthy s The Road attempts to recreate the emotions of the dire situation by ushering in new masculinity normalcies. McCarthy uses a father and his son to demonstrate the social changes that occurred in America during a time of turmoil. America had to work together in ways it had not before, and this is demonstrated by the father’s assumption of feminine qualities while protecting his son. McCarthy created a reality of his own—one that tracks a father’s loving efforts to guide his son through a landscape made wrenching by the unavailability of food, shelter, safety, companionship or hope in most places where they scavenge to survive. The Road is not just the extinction of a species or a planet; he portrays the humanly experience of the demise of civilization. Fragmented sentences that reflect the processes of sensory perception are scattered through the book and evoke the broken status humankind has found itself in, contributing to the ominous mood: â€Å"In the morning they went on. Desolate country. A boarhide nailed to a barn door. Ratty. Wisp of a tail. Inside the barn three bodies hanging from the rafters, dried and dusty among the wan slats of light. There could be something here, the boy said. There could be some corn or something. Let s go, the man said.† (McCarthy 17) Just the fact that bodies hanging from rafters is put so casually and evokeShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Cormac Mccarthy s The Road 2759 Words   |  12 PagesCarter Cox Mr. Crocker AP Language and Composition 1 April 2015 Love In A World of Hate: An Analysis of The Road Cormac McCarthy’s 2006 novel, The Road, is set in a post-apocalyptic world where an unspecified disaster left very few people and resources. The novel focuses on the journey and survival of a father and son, who are never given names, as they travel in search of the coast. They believe if any hope of rescue or a better life exists the coast is their best option. Every day isRead MoreAnalysis Of Cormac Mccarthy s The Road 1470 Words   |  6 PagesHow Effectively Does McCarthy Create a Sense of What a Post-Apocalyptic World Would be Like? Cormac McCarthy creates a sense of what a post-apocalyptic society in the novel ‘The Road’. He does this by including dreams, description of the physical landscape and human behaviour. This helps create a sense of a post-apocalyptic world because it gives us insight into what it looks like and how the people think. McCarthy uses dreams as a recurring theme throughout the text in order to create his post-apocalypticRead MoreAnalysis Of Cormac Mccarthy s The Road 1107 Words   |  5 PagesSetting within Cormac McCarthy novel is paramount to the development of our understanding the theme of the relationship between the sacred and the profane. ‘The Road’ follows a father and son as they traverse through the eradicated remains of North America after an allured to nuclear catalyst. As they venture into this profane world McCarthy wrote, both the father and son see what is truly sacred to humanity, and what is not. We see this theme in many settings, but none as important to the developmentRead MoreAnalysis Of Cormac Mccarthy s The Road 2257 Words   |  10 Pages Cormac McCarthy’s The Road intensely reflects on the importance of relationships as a survival tactic and the struggle to exist as a good person in an immoral world. The relationship between the father and the boy is heavily amplified as the father tries to give his son an understanding of the world he was born into. The father abandons his retelling of history or the past to his son. He struggles to decide if he wants his son to intellectually understand the world or rather survive in it? TheirRead MoreAnalysis Of Cormac Mccarthy s The Road 1492 Words   |  6 Pagesoneself. This is the dark, apocalyptic setting of Cormac McCarthy’s novel, The Road. McCarthy creates a world barren of life, except for the few who managed to survive the unmentioned catastrophe that has left the earth void of all natural resources. The main characters of this novel are an unnamed boy and father, who are doing whatever they can to survive while staying morally good, or as his father s ays trying â€Å"to carry the fire, †(McCarthy) while living in a world of darkness and seemingly badRead MoreAnalysis Of Cormac Mccarthy s Writing Of The Road2679 Words   |  11 Pages Cormac McCarthy’s writing of The Road is an apocalyptic writing that foreshadows the destruction of the world as we know it. The man and the son are continuously on the move, but their destination is unknown. The south represents a safe haven, or second chance for the family to find safety and comfort from the harsh winter to come. In the test Exploring Literature, a symbol is defined as â€Å"In literature, a person, place, or thing that suggest more than its literal meaning. Symbols generally do notRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Psychoanalytic Perspective : Cormac Mccarthy s Novel The Road 814 Words   |  4 PagesJason Fontillas Jim Hensley PIB LA 10 Paper Proposal The Road Psychoanalytic Perspective Cormac McCarthy’s novel The Road, contains a plot with an underlying meaning beneath the words on the paper. In this post-apocalyptic world, there are many examples of motifs, symbols, and metaphors that can be picked apart and analyzed through a psychoanalytic perspective. It is based on the idea that the unconscious story does not directly express its moral ideas, and does so through subtle clues in the textRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1009 Words   |  5 PagesL’Heureux II, John Lang and Lit Year 2 2/10/2017 Written Task 2 Title of the text for analysis: The Road by Cormac McCarthy,2006 Part of the course to which the task refers: Part 4- Literature, a critical study Prescribed question: How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre, and for what purpose? My critical response will: ââ€"  Show how the text conforms to the post-apocalyptic genre. ââ€"  Show how resources, including basics such as food and water, are a scarcityRead MoreArchetypal Criticism in The Road by Cormac McCarthy Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe universal truths and messages are determined by identifying patterns like character types, storylines, settings, symbols. The Road by Cormac McCarthy is a novel that accurately exemplifies the principles of archetypal criticism. This narrative account associates the characters of a young minor and his father to encapsulate the ideas of archetypal criticism. McCarthy presents the novel by setting the scene of a death-defying journey through a post-apocalyptic wasteland of America. The young ladRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2062 Words   |  9 PagesReid Norberg Period 3 3/18/16 2016 AP Lodestar 1. Title: The Road Author: Cormac McCarthy Date of Publication: 2006 Genre: Post- apocalyptic fiction 2. The Road is a novel written by American author Cormac McCarthy. Although born in the North East, McCarthy was driven to the South West later in his life where he has since based most of his novels, including The Road. The Road tells a story of a man and his son in post apocalyptic America where the weather is winter-like and the ground is

Electronic Medical Records Of Four Senior Surgeons For All...

Abstract Introduction Intra-operative cultures may be obtained in revision spine surgery despite the absence of pre-operative clinical markers of infection (wound drainage, fevers, elevated ESR/CRP/WBC, etc). The microbiologic profile of culture positive cases in which there is no clear evidence of infection preoperatively has not been described. The aim of this investigation is to report on the microbiologic profile of this unique patient population. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of four senior surgeons for all revision spine surgery cases performed between 2008-2013. During the study period, 595 revision surgeries were performed. Seventeen cases were performed for the primary diagnosis of†¦show more content†¦Pseudarthrosis was the most common diagnosis overall (49.1%) in which intra-operative cultures were obtained, followed by recurrent index disease (17.0%). Pseudarthrosis was also the most common revision surgical diagnosis where cultures were positive (55.6%). Including all patients who had revision surgery for the diagnosis of pseudoarthrosis (both cultured and not cultured), 18.9%(24/127) had positive cultures. When pseudarthrosis was the primary diagnosis at revision surgery and cultures were taken, Propionobacterium acnes was cultured in 54.2% of cases; though, this was not stastistically more common than other organisms (p = 0.6381). Overall, staphylococcal species were found most commonly (57.8% of cases), but Propionobacterium acnes was at least one of the isolates in 48.9% of cases and was the most common organism isolated. Polymicrobial cultures were obtained in 22.2% of cases. MRSA infections were found in only 6.7% of cases. Non-instrumented cases were significantly more likely to develop an infection (p = 0.0253) than instrumented cases. Positive cultures were seen more commonly in non-fusion cases than fusion cases (p = 0.027). Those fused to the sacrum were less likely to have positive cultures than those who did not have fusion to the sacrum (p = 0.032). Conclusions Intra-operative cultures are commonly obtained in the setting of revision spine surgery without overwhelming clinical evidence for infection. The

Managerial Accounting 505 Case Study Week 3 Free Essays

Grade 45/50 Managerial Accounting 505 Case Study Week 3 A. What is the break-even point in passengers and revenues per month? Total Per UnitPercent Sales: 160 X 90 $14,400$ 160100% Less variable costs/expenses: . 70 X 90 $ 6,300 $7044% Contribution margin: $ 8,100$9056% Less fixed costs/expense: $3,150,000 Net operating income: $3,141,900 8,100 /14,400 = 56% 100 – 56 = 44% BEP in passengers (fixed costs / contribution margin) 3,150,000 / 90 = 35,000 passengers BEP in dollars (passenger per month X selling price) 35,000 X 160 = 5,600,000 B. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Accounting 505 Case Study Week 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the break-even point in number of passenger train cars per month? # of seats per passenger train cars X Average load factor BEP in passenger’s car per month 35,000/ (90x. 70) 35,000/ 63 = 556 passenger train per month C. If Springfield Express raises its average passenger fare to $190, it is estimated that the average load factor will decrease to 60%. What will be the monthly break-even point in number of passenger cars? Total Per UnitPercent Selling Price $17,100$190100 Less variable costs/expense$6,300$70 37 Contribution margin$10,800$12063 BEP in passengers (fixed cost / unit cm ) 3,150,000 / 120 = 26,250 BEP in passengers per month in dollars (fixed costs / cm ratio) 3,150,000 / . 63 = 5,000,000 # of seats per passenger train cars X Average load factor 90 X . 60 = 54 BEP # of passengers cars 26,250 / (90 X . 60) 54 = 486 passengers train cars per month D. Refer to original data. ) Fuel cost is a significant variable cost to any railway. If crude oil increases by $ 20 per barrel, it is estimated that variable cost per passenger will rise to $ 90. What will be the new break-even point in passengers and in number of passenger train cars? BEP in passengers Fixed operating cost /contribution margin 3,150,000/ 70 = 45,000 passengers per month BEP # of passengers per car 90x. 70 = 63 passenger per car Passengers per month/passenger train cars 45,000/63= 714 passenger train cars per month E. Springfield Express has experienced an increase in variable cost per passenger to $ 85 and an increase in total fixed cost to $ 3,600,000. The company has decided to raise the average fare to $ 205. If t he tax rate is 30 percent, how many passengers per month are needed to generate an after-tax profit of $ 750,000? Before tax profit = after-tax profit /100%-tax rate % 750,000/(1. 00-. 30)= $1,071,429 Before tax profit + fixed cost/New contribution margin $,1,071,429 + $3,600,000/($205-$85) = $4,671,429/$120 = 38928. 56 or 38,929 passenger per month. F. (Use original data). Springfield Express is considering offering a discounted fare of $ 120, which the company believes would increase the load factor to 80 percent. Only the additional seats would be sold at the discounted fare. Additional monthly advertising cost would be $ 180,000. How much pre-tax income would the discounted fare provide Springfield Express if the company has 50 passenger train cars per day, 30 days per month? Revenue= 90 x (. 80-. 70) x 120 x 50 x 30 + $180,000 = $1,800,000 Variable cost= $70 x ($1,800,000/discount fare ($120) = 1,050,000 Additional monthly advertising cost = $180,000 Revenue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦$1,800,000 Less Variable cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦($1,050,000) Contribution Margin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $750,000 Less Advertising cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ($180,000) Pretax income discount fare provide†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. $570,000 f# of discounted seats = 90 X . 0 = 9 seats Contribution margin fo r discounted fares = $ 120 – $ 70 = $ 50 X 9 discounted seats = $450 each train X 50 train cars per day X 30 days per month= $ 675,000 minus $ 180,000 additional fixed costs = $ 495,000 pretax income. G. Springfield Express has an opportunity to obtain a new route that would be traveled 20 times per month. The company believes it can sell seats at $ 175 on the route, but the load factor would be only 60 percent. Fixed cost would increase by $ 250,000 per month for additional personnel, additional passenger train cars, maintenance, and so on. Variable cost per passenger would remain at $ 70. 1. Should the company obtain the route? Revenue= 90 x (. 6) X $175Ãâ€"20= $189,000 Variable cost= $70 x ($189,000/ fare ($175) = $75,600 Additional monthly Fixed cost = $250,000 Revenue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦$189,000 Less Variable cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦($75,600) Contribution Margin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $113,400 Less Fixed cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ($250,000) Pretax income loss†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. $136,000) The company should not go for the new route because they will lose money because the Total Additional Contribution Margin is not Additional Fixed Costs 2. How many passenger train cars must Springfield Express operate to earn pre-tax income of $ 120,000 per month on this route? Before tax profit + fixed cost/Contribution margin $120,000+$250,000 / ($175-$70) = 3,523. 81 or 3524 # of seats per passenger train cars X Average load factor 90 X . 0 = 54 Passengers per month/passenger train cars 3524/54 = 65. 25 or 65 passenger train cars needed 3. If the load factor could be increased to 75 percent, how many passenger train cars must be operated to earn pre-tax income of $ 120,000 per month on this route? Before tax profit + fixed cost/Contribution margin $120,000+$250,000/($175-$70) = 3,523. 81 or 3524 # of seats per passenger train cars X Average load factor 90 X . 5 = 67. 50 Passengers per month/passenger train car s 3524/67. 50 = 52. 20 or 52 passenger train cars needed 4. What qualitative factors should be considered by Springfield Express in making its decision about acquiring this route? If fixed cost increased to $500,000 Fixed cost (25,000 X 2) = $500,000 = fixed cost + required profit)/contribution margin per seat = (500000 + 120000) / 61 = 62,0000 / 61 = 10164 Seats Seat price average (131*10164) 1331484 Variable cost (70*10164) 711480 Contribution 620004 Fixed cost 500000 Income Fixed cost variable cost, contribution margin income loading factors should be considered before taking decision. 4. Springfield should consider such things as †¢Connections to other Springfield trains that might be made by these passengers. †¢Long-range potential for increased load factors †¢Increased customer goodwill in this new market †¢Increased employment opportunities for labor in the area †¢Competition in the market. 120004 How to cite Managerial Accounting 505 Case Study Week 3, Free Case study samples

Reflective Practices in Healthcare Setting

Question: Describe about the reflection helps in more personal professional improvement and development compared to formal learning (Moon 2013). Answer: The reflection helps in more personal professional improvement and development compared to formal learning (Moon 2013). According to Thompson and Pascal (2012), practitioners who reflect on their experiences become better learners. Description My final placement was in the trauma and orthopedic ward in the hospital. During this placement, I was in check of a patient who had periprosthetic hip ORIF and then had also a revision of ORIF left femoral periprosthetic. Patients Past Medical History was as follows: Anaemia, high cholesterol, hypertension, COPD, Pacemaker, nephritic syndrome, previous left neck of the femur. The patient also had wound debridement because she had an infection where she had an operation. l had looked after this patient for a couple of shifts, the patient was being transferred with the gutter frame with two staff but deteriorated and transferred with cricket hoist with two staff .The patient had low sodium and on 1.5 fluid restrictions. I had a mentor in this hospital who showed me most of the procedures that were undertaken to the patient in this ward but my main focus was for this patient. The patient most of the time became breathless as COPD symptoms kept on relapsing. There was an awkward event t hat happened during my placement in this ward and was when a doctor without gloves and had not washed his hands or disinfected them with alcohol gel performed wound debridement to the patient. Unfortunately, the blood from the patient sprinkled onto his hands. The doctor did not even bother reporting the incidence to the in-charge of the ward and he just washed his hand with plain water without soap or disinfecting solution. Feeling I was shocked by the doctors action which left me in a dilemma on what to do in order to prevent such an occurrence from happening again. I also felt helpless as the patient condition was not improving despite the treatment that he was being given by the doctors. The patient kept on complaining that the whole of his body was in pain, this was despite the analgesics that he was given on daily basis. I empathized with the patient and encouraged her that we were there for her and her condition would improve which made the patient feel rejuvenated. Evaluation I regret not having challenged the doctors action on the patient as the doctor was diagnosed to have been infected with Hepatitis B Virus after two months when the incident happened. It was discovered that the patient was infected with Hepatitis B virus after the event happened. I blame myself for not having informed the Doctor to have worn the gloves before he commenced on the debridement procedures. I could also have informed the doctor on the importance of proper disinfection of hands after blood spillage and also reporting of any case of blood spillage on any part of the body to the in-charge of the ward. The occurrence taught me the importance of embracing aseptic techniques while dealing with patients. The placement in this ward helped me to understand how to manage patients in the orthopedic ward and how to manage other condition like hypertension and COPD. Analysis The Healthcare-Associated infection is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals (Polin et al 2012). Cimiotti , Aiken, Sloane and Wu (2012) asserts that the health care professionals, family members, and the visitors are among the human resources responsible for transmission of pathogens within the health facility. According to Lgar and Witteman (2013), the microorganisms commonly transmitted within the health care setting include fungi, virus, bacteria, and parasites. Ghareeb et al (2013) argue that Routine practices in health care are vital in preventing the risk of transmitting infection between one person and the other. According to Bennett, Dolin and Blaser (2014), the routine practices includes hand hygiene, education of health professionals/client/families/visitors and personal protective equipment. Conclusion The situation has made me learn the importance of taking courage in reminding the health professionals on the best practices while carrying out the day to day activities in improving the quality of care for the patients. The health care providers should not hesitate in correcting each other mistakes and this can help in curbing the spread of healthcare-Associated infections. Action plan The incidence inspired me to always embrace aseptic techniques while handling patients to avoid health-care-associated infection. I would not hesitate in reminding the other health professional on the aseptic techniques expected of them while performing their duties. References Bennett, JE, Dolin, R and Blaser, MJ, 2014.Principles and practice of infectious diseases(Vol. 1). Elsevier Health Sciences. Cimiotti, JP, Aiken, LH, Sloane, DM. and Wu, ES, 2012. Nurse staffing, burnout, and health careassociated infection.American journal of infection control, vol.40, no. (6), pp.486-490. Ghareeb et al, 2013. Reducing pathogen transmission in a hospital setting. Handshake verses fist bump: a pilot study.Journal of Hospital Infection, vol.85 no. (4), pp.321-323. Lgar, F and Witteman, HO, 2013. Shared decision making: examining key elements and barriers to adoption into routine clinical practice.Health Affairs, vol.32 , no. (2), pp.276-284. Moon, JA, 2013.Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Polin et al, 2012. Strategies for prevention of health careassociated infections in the NICU.Pediatrics,vol. 129, no. (4), pp.e1085-e1093. Thompson, N and Pascal, J, 2012. Developing critically reflective practice. Reflective Practice, vol. 13, no. (2), pp.311-325.